As a result splits are engineered, and constitutional coups are planned with meticulous precision, and careful conspiracy. Several parties 'split' even in Parliament, and as the JMM case testifies, the defecting members benefited immensely.

The 1997 case of defections from BSP in UP proved how partisan speakers could actually create new arithmetic while applying anti-defection provisions! Twelve of the 69 legislators of BSP violated party whip, and in a perverse order, speaker Kesari Nath Triapthi refused to disqualify them, though they clearly constituted less than a third of the legislature party. The matter went to courts, and died a natural death as their lordships could not come to conclusion before the expiry of the term of the house on the weighty issue of what number constituted a third of 69! Recently in January 2003, the roles are reversed, and Mayavathi engineered defection of 8 MLAs in the 23 member congress legislature party, and the same speaker Kesari Nath Tripathi recognized them as a separate party instead of disqualifying them!

There is however one major unitended consequence of anti-defection provisions. The intention was to prevent change of power in gross violation of popular mandate. But in effect, violation of party whip on any vote attracts disqualification. Party legislators who may honestly differ on a piece of legislation are now forced to submit to the will of the leadership. The ill-conceived legislation on Muslim women's maintenance after the supreme court verdict in Shah Bano case is one sad example. If the congress MPs had freedom of choice, that Bill would never have become law. That folly, and the resultant outcry forced Rajiv Gandhi to overcompensate to appease the enraged public. Unlocking the gates of the disputed structure in Ayodhya, the silanyas under the watchful eye of Buta Singh, the then Home Minister, and the launch of Rajiv's 1989 election campaign from Ayodhya with the promise of Ramraj - all these followed. The rest is histotry. An even more shameful episode is the direction issued by congress party to its MPs not to vote on the impeachment proceedings against Justice Ramaswamy in 1991. Consequently, judicial accountability collapsed, and eventually power of appointment of judges has been usurped by the judiciary!

Now that the cabinet decided to amend the anti-defection provisions, the opportunity must be utilised to remove these distortions. While defection by one or many should incur disqualification, three safeguards are needed to ensure healthy parliamentary debate, and curtail autocratic tendencies of party bosses.

First, party whip, and disqualification for violation must apply only for a vote affecting the survival of government - money bills, and confidence or no-confidence motions. On all other issues, members should have freedom of vote. Second, there should be recognition of legitimate splits in a party. If party bosses are utterly autocratic, or if their policies are blatantly unconstitutional, then the members must have an opportunity to rebel, and even split the party. On such occasions, the split should first take place in the party fora in a transparent and public manner after a statutory notice of, say at least a month, and after the members or delegates are allowed a free vote. A resultant split in the legislature wing should be recognized irrespective of the proportion the splitting members constitute. Third, past evidence clearly suggests that a partisan presiding officer loyal to the government cannot be trusted with the power to decide on disqualification. That power rightfully belongs to the Election Commission. Parties would do well to act with foresight and make the EC the final authority on all such matters.

If these safeguards are incorporated, the new amendment will be a huge step forward in eliminating horse-trading and promoting clean politics. But without such checks against autocratic party bosses, the proposed amendment will further enslave legislators. Then there will be no need for legislative debates at all. Party bosses can sit together like tribal chiefs - a la Loya Jirga- and decide the nation's fate by simple arithmetic addition without debate! The nation can be spared of much expense and needless theatrics.

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